Grade 6 Science Notes and Review Questions (DepEd-Based): Third Quarter
Quick notes in outline form and practice questions to help learners review the topics covered in Grade 6 Science (Third Quarter) based on the DepEd curriculum.
This page contains quick notes and review questions for the following topics in Grade 6 Science – Third Quarter:
- Module 1: Friction
- Lesson 1: Describe Friction
- Lesson 2: How Friction Affects Movement of Objects
- Module 2: Energy Transformation
- Lesson 1: Forms of Energy
- Lesson 2: Energy Transformation
- Module 3: Characteristics and Uses of Simple Machines
You can download printable (PDF) copies of the notes and the practice exam below.
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Science 6: Quick Notes
Quarter 3 Module 1: Friction
Describe Friction
Friction
- occurs between the surfaces of two objects in contact, rubbing or sliding against one another
- opposes an object’s motion
- causes objects to slow down and eventually stop
- always acts opposite the direction of an object’s motion
- also occurs when air particles rub against objects falling down, thrown upward, or flying like airplanes and kites — called air friction or air resistance
How Friction Affects Movement of Objects
Friction varies depending on the type of surface an object comes in contact with.
Friction is affected by:
- Surface area of the object that is in contact with the surface (ex. ball vs. box, flat vs. crumpled paper)
- Bigger surface area → greater friction → easier to stop → travels a shorter distance
- Smaller surface area → lesser friction → harder to stop → travels a longer distance
- Type of surfaces of the two objects rubbing against each other
- Rough surface → greater friction → object moves more slowly
- Smooth surface → lesser friction → object moves faster
Quarter 3 Module 2: Energy Transformation
Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy
- the energy of movement
- found in objects that are moving or have the potential to move
- the sum of kinetic energy (the energy of ongoing motion) and potential energy (the energy stored in a system by reason of the position of its parts)
- two types:
- potential energy
- kinetic energy
- examples: windmills, falling water, moving cars
Electrical energy
- the energy of moving electrons
- electrons flow through wires to create an electric current
- examples: electric circuit, lightning, transmission lines, appliances that have been turned on
Chemical energy
- the energy that is stored in the bonds between the atoms that make up compounds
- examples: batteries, food, fuel, matchsticks, fireworks
Heat energy *
- energy in transit
- transferred from one body to another
Thermal energy *
- the energy of moving atoms of matter
- due to the movement of molecules
- examples: sun, hot stove
Sound energy
- the energy produced by vibrating objects
- travels in waves through matter from a vibrating object
- examples: radio, television, cell phones, musical instruments
Radiant or light energy
- a form of electromagnetic energy/radiation
- can travel through a medium or through empty space
- examples: sun, lighted bulb, candle, laser, fire, flashlight
* Note: Many sources consider heat and thermal energy to refer to the same thing. Some describe heat as the transfer of thermal energy.
Energy Transformation
Law of Conservation of Energy states that:
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- energy may be transformed from one form to another
- the total amount of energy never changes
Examples of energy transformation
- Light energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy stored in plants.
- The chemical energy of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is transformed into light and heat to cook food.
- When a flashlight is turned on, the chemical energy from the battery is transformed into electrical energy through the circuit, and then transformed into light energy and heat.
- With electricity, fossil fuels (chemical energy) are burned (heat energy) to generate steam that powers turbines (mechanical energy) that drive generators to produce electrical energy. Electricity is then distributed to homes where it is further transformed to sound energy (TV, computers), heat (flat iron), mechanical energy (electric fans), etc.
Sources of energy
- Renewable
- solar
- wind
- water
- tidal
- geothermal
- biomass
- Non-renewable
- fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil)
- nuclear energy
Heat is a common byproduct of energy transformations.
Quarter 3 Module 3: Characteristics and Uses of Simple Machines
Simple machine
- a device with few or no moving parts that is used to perform work
- it can (1) multiply the force and speed and (2) change the direction of the force applied
- helps people do their work faster and more easily
Six basic simple machines:
- inclined plane
- wedge
- wheel and axle
- pulley
- screw
- lever
Inclined plane
- a flat surface raised at an angle
- sloping surface connects a lower level to a higher level
- used to lift or raise a heavy object by moving it up a slope
- examples: ramp, stairs, slide, switchback roads
Wedge
- two inclined planes positioned back to back, giving it a thick edge and a thin edge
- used for cutting or splitting things apart – force is applied to the thick edge and the sloping sides of the wedge apply force to the object, cutting it or splitting it apart
- examples: axe, knife, chisel, the teeth of a saw
Wheel and axle
- a circular frame (the wheel) that revolves on a shaft or rod (the axle)
- used to raise weights and carry/transport loads over a long distance
- examples: car/bike wheels, door knob, steering wheel, Ferris wheel, electric fan
Pulley
- a wheel with a rope, cord, cable, chain, or belt on its rim – pulling on the rope turns the wheel
- used to lift or lower objects (called the load) more easily
- examples: flag pole, ropes on a sailboat, movable clothesline, well, elevator
Screw
- a long inclined plane wrapped around a shaft (central cylinder)
- used to fasten/hold things together
- examples: screw, jar lid, bolt, bottom end of a bulb, bottle cap, faucet
Lever
- a long beam or bar that rests on a support or fixed point called a fulcrum
- used to lift, remove, or pull out objects easily
- three components:
- fulcrum – supporting point of the lever
- load – the weight being moved or lifted
- effort – the force used to cause movement
- three classes of lever based on the position of the effort, load, and fulcrum
- first class lever
- the fulcrum is between the load and the effort
- examples: seesaw, scissors, crowbar, pliers, hammer claws (for pulling out a nail)
- second class lever
- the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
- examples: wheelbarrow, wagon, can/bottle opener, nutcracker
- third class lever
- the effort is between the fulcrum and the load
- examples: tongs, broom, stapler*, fishing rod, tweezers, hockey stick, baseball bat, using your arm to lift something
- first class lever
* Some sources consider a stapler a second class lever (perhaps if you apply your force on the tips of the stapler?) but majority consider it a third class lever.
Practice Exam: Review Questions for Third Quarter
1. Which of these statements is true?
a. Friction opposes the motion of objects.
b. Friction can occur even between surfaces that are not in contact with each other.
c. Friction acts in the same direction as the object’s motion.
d. Friction speeds up the movement of objects.
2. What is the direction of friction between a moving object and a surface?
a. toward the direction of the object’s motion
b. in the same direction as the object’s motion
c. opposite to the direction of the object’s motion
d. perpendicular to the direction of the object’s motion
3. Will it be easier for a person to push a table on a carpeted floor than on a waxed floor?
a. Yes, because the carpeted floor is smoother, so the friction is lesser.
b. Yes, because the carpeted floor is smoother, so the friction is greater.
c. No, because the carpeted floor is rougher, so the friction is lesser.
d. No, because the carpeted floor is rougher, so the friction is greater.
4. A person is pushing a grocery cart northwards. In what direction is friction acting on the cart?
a. north
b. south
c. east
d. west
5. Which statement is correct?
a. The smaller the surface area of the objects in contact with each other, the greater the friction and the longer the distance travelled.
b. The smaller the surface area of the objects in contact with each other, the greater the friction and the shorter the distance travelled.
c. The bigger the surface area of the objects in contact with each other, the greater the friction and the longer the distance travelled.
d. The bigger the surface area of the objects in contact with each other, the greater the friction and the shorter the distance travelled.
6. True or false – Friction can be helpful.
a. True
b. False
7. We get our energy from the food we eat, which stored that energy in what form?
a. nuclear energy
b. thermal energy
c. chemical energy
d. mechanical energy
8. The type of energy that is found in objects that are moving or have the potential to move is _____.
a. electrical energy
b. nuclear energy
c. radiant energy
d. mechanical energy
9. The form of energy that is generated when an object vibrates is _____.
a. vibrant energy
b. radiant energy
c. sound
d. light
10. The type of energy that is stored in the bonds between the atoms that make up compounds is _____.
a. mechanical energy
b. chemical energy
c. electrical energy
d. nuclear energy
11. True or false – When you are perched on top of a water slide, you have mechanical energy.
a. True
b. False
12. When you light a candle, which energy transformation takes place?
a. light → chemical and heat
b. light → mechanical and heat
c. chemical → light and heat
d. chemical → electrical and heat
13. What is almost always produced when there is energy transformation?
a. heat
b. light
c. electricity
d. chemical energy
14. The law of _____ of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be transformed/converted from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains the same.
a. transformation
b. transition
c. conversion
d. conservation
15. You are one of the students assigned to raise the Philippine flag during your school’s flag ceremony. What simple machine are you using to pull it up?
a. inclined plane
b. lever
c. pulley
d. wedge
16. Simple machines are common in our day-to-day lives. When you chop onions for cooking, you are actually using which simple machine?
a. lever
b. pulley
c. screw
d. wedge
17. Chances are, you bring one or more simple machines to school every day. When you open and close the lid of your water bottle, what kind of simple machine are you using?
a. inclined plane
b. screw
c. wedge
d. wheel and axle
18. Most buildings have ramps that people on wheelchairs can navigate more easily than stairs. A wheelchair is an example of a device that has a wheel and axle, while the ramp is an example of which simple machine?
a. inclined plane
b. lever
c. screw
d. wheel and axle
19. The fixed point of a lever is known as the _____.
a. load
b. force
c. fulcrum
d. pivot
20. There are three classes of levers, based on the position of their effort, load, and fulcrum. Which of these levers does not belong to the same class as the others?
a. scissors
b. seesaw
c. tongs
d. none – all three belong to the same class of lever